HIV

HIV is transmitted when body fluids containing the virus, such as blood, semen, vaginal fluid, anal fluid or breast milk, enter the bloodstream of a person who does not have HIV. This can happen through:

• unprotected anal or vaginal sex
• sharing injecting equipment, particularly needles and syringes
• the natural transfer of fluids from a woman who is HIV-­positive to her baby during pregnancy, birth, or breastfeeding
• unsterile body piercing and tattooing
• unsafe medical or dental procedures (especially in countries that do not have regulations for HIV testing and prevention)

You are also at risk if your sexual partner shares injecting equipment, even if you don’t.

Unprotected oral sex may be a risk if there are any cuts or sores in and around the mouth or genital area.

How you can’t get HIV

HIV cannot be spread through everyday social contact, such as shaking hands, sharing a glass, sharing food or drink or hugging and kissing. Saliva, tears, sweat and urine do not carry HIV. You cannot get HIV from insect or animal bites or by using the same toilet as a person with HIV.

You are not at risk of HIV in most work places and schools. However, where work, study or sport includes contact with blood and body fluids there may be some risk. Always follow basic hygiene, including proper hand washing, and safe handling of body fluids such as blood spills.

Soon after HIV infection, some people feel as if they have the flu, with symptoms such as fever, headache, tiredness, and rash.

Some people, however, may not have any symptoms. You can have HIV and feel and look healthy. Many people do not realise they have HIV because they do not see or feel anything wrong. Without knowing it, you can pass HIV on to your sexual partners or injecting partners.

As the virus continues to attack the immune system, a person will start to develop symptoms. These can include:

• constant tiredness
• swollen glands
• rapid weight loss
• night sweats
• diarrhea.

Without effective treatment these symptoms can progress to the point where the immune system becomes fragile and susceptible to AIDS.

Having a blood test is the only way to find out if you have HIV. However, for a short period just after HIV enters the body, it cannot be picked up with a test. So if your first result is negative, you will need to have another test after three months.

Before and after a test, you will be given information and be able to ask questions, to make sure that you understand what both a positive and a negative result mean. All your information will be kept private.

Find a testing service (external site)

If you do have HIV, all your sexual or injecting partners will need to be contacted so they can get counselling, testing, and treatment if necessary. This is always done carefully, respecting everyone’s confidentiality. Find out more about contact tracing.

How can I live a healthy and fulfilling life with HIV?

If you have HIV you can lead a full and healthy life. There is currently no cure for HIV, but like many other conditions it can be managed with medication..

HIV treatment can lead to a person having an ‘undetectable viral load’. This does not mean that HIV is no longer inside the body or that the person is cured, but that the amount of HIV in the blood is too small for tests to detect. When a person living with HIV has maintained an undetectable viral load for six months or more, they cannot onwards transmit HIV sexually to others, however they should not share injecting equipment with other people.

People living with HIV can have relationships, including having sex, and having children if they choose. With effective HIV treatment today, HIV­positive people can have HIV­negative children. If you or your partner has HIV, it is best to talk with your doctor about options for practising safer sex, or for having children. Pregnant women living with HIV can get treatment to significantly reduce the chance of their baby getting HIV ­ it is a good idea to talk to your doctor, midwife or healthcare provider.

You can protect yourself and your partner against HIV and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs) by following this advice:

• Get tested and know your HIV status.
• Get tested and treated early for other STIs like chlamydia, gonorrhoea or syphilis
• Use condoms with water-based lubricant when you have sex. This also will protect you from other sexually transmitted infections (STIs).
• If you change sexual partners, then get tested regularly for HIV and other STIs and encourage your partners to do the same.
• If you are in a relationship, ensure that both you and your partner have been tested and are aware of each other’s HIV status. If one partner is HIV-positive and the other is HIV- negative, the risk of HIV transmission can be minimised by:
  • ensuring that the HIV-positive partner is on treatment and has an undetectable viral load
  • using condoms and water-based lubricant
  • using PrEP for the HIV-negative partner. PrEP is medication to prevent HIV infection in people who are HIV-negative and at ongoing risk of getting HIV.
• If you inject drugs, use a new, sterile needle and syringe every time. Don’t share needles, syringes, filters, waters, spoons or tourniquets – even if you have an undetectable viral load.
• Wash your hands or swab your fingers before touching another person’s injection site.
• Before considering any body art (such as tattooing or piercing) make sure the body artist uses only sterilised equipment, and new razors, inks and needles each time.
• Avoid sharing personal items which may have traces of blood on them, such as razors.
• Alcohol and other drugs can affect your decision-making abilities and also your sexual behaviour. If you are under the influence of alcohol or other drugs, it may be safer to avoid having sex.
• If you have HIV, take your prescribed HIV treatment and sustain an undetectable viral load. Remaining undetectable will mean you cannot onwards transmit HIV to others through unprotected sex. However, it is important that you do not share injecting equipment with others.
• If you think you have been exposed to HIV recently, you might be eligible for post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP). PEP is a prescribed course of medication, which must be taken as soon as possible and within 72-hours (3 days) of exposure to HIV.
• For more information call the 24-hour PEP Line on 1300 767 161

Talking about HIV

Talking about HIV can be difficult. It is not compulsory to disclose your HIV status to a sexual partner; however a person who knows they have HIV must take reasonable precautions to prevent the transmission of HIV to their sexual and/or injecting partners. Using condoms with water-based lubricant, adhering to treatment and maintaining an undetectable viral load is the best way to prevent the transmission of HIV. If injecting drugs, never share needles and syringes or other injecting equipment.

If a person uses injecting equipment that someone with HIV has used there is a high chance that they will get HIV, even if the person has an undetectable viral load. This is because the needles, syringes, or other injecting equipment may have blood in them, and that blood can carry HIV.

To stop yourself from getting HIV use a freshie every time you inject drugs.

Never share needles or syringes, not even with friends or family. Also use your own spoon, swabs, filters, sterile water and tourniquets.

You can get freshies from needle and syringe programs (NSP). Use the map below to find the closest NSP to you. Most pharmacies sell fit packs, but there are lots of other places where you can get new needles and syringes for free.

People who inject drugs are also at risk of getting hepatitis C and hepatitis B if they share injecting equipment.

Talking about HIV 

Talking about HIV can be difficult. It is not compulsory to disclose your HIV status to a sexual partner; however a person who knows they have HIV must take reasonable precautions to prevent the spread of HIV to their sexual and/or injecting partners. Using condoms with water based lubricant, adhering to treatment and maintaining an undetectable viral load is the best way to prevent the spread of HIV. If injecting drugs, never share needles and syringes or other injecting equipment.